In commemoration of International Women’s Day 2016,
Rebel Youth republishes this biography of the founder of IWD, Clara Zetkin,
from the YCL Britain.
CLARA ZETKIN (1857-1933) was a German communist, anti
fascist and founder of International Women’s Day. Here Communist Party of
Britain General Secretary Robert Griffiths outlines her remarkable and
exemplary life.
Clara Zetkin, who first proposed International
Women’s Day 100 years ago, was an outstanding figure in the socialist,
Communist and women’s movements. Her own commitment, vision and courage have
left a legacy which deserves to be celebrated on March 8 every year.
Before the formation of Communist parties, she rose
to prominence in the German Social-Democratic Party from a middle-class home in
the local peasant community of Wiederau in Saxony, Germany. Her father
Gottfried Eissner was a school teacher and Protestant, her mother Josephine the
daughter of a bourgeois family in Leipzig. Inspired by the German Women’s
Association, Josephine was involved in educational activities.
The family moved to nearby Leipzig where Clara
studied at a local teacher training institute founded by German feminist
Auguste Schmidt. There she came into contact with socialist ideas and women’s
organisations. In 1878, at the age of 21, she met members of the German
Socialist Workers Party (later renamed the Social-Democratic Party of Germany,
SPD) and exiled Russian revolutionaries including Ossip Zetkin. A visit to
Russia quickly followed.
When Chancellor Bismarck’s new Anti-Socialist Law
prompted Ossip to leave Germany, Clara also left soon afterwards. She went to
Linz, Austria, where she became tutor to a group of factory workers. Then it
was on to Zurich in 1882, writing clandestine propaganda for circulation in
Germany, before travelling to Paris to be reunited with Ossip Zetkin. They had
two sons but did not marry because Clara would lose her German citizenship.
Instead, she took his surname.
First Public Speech
Reconciled with her family, she delivered her first
public speech in Leipzig calling for the liberation of women as an essential
and integral part of the liberation of all workers through socialist
revolution. For a period afterwards, she opposed separate measures for women,
fearing that they would divide working class unity.
Ossip died of spinal tuberculosis in 1889. Clara
Zetkin buried her grief in her work for the Socialist International, a new
organisation of left-wing and workers’ parties. At its founding congress in
Paris in July, her arguments against special measures for women – for equal pay
for equal work and the exclusion of women from hazardous occupations – were
rejected, but she was given special responsibilities for SPD work in Berlin.
From there she edited the party’s paper for women Die Gleichheit (Equality),
fulfilling that task for 25 years until 1917.
Her first editorial explained her standpoint that
‘the final cause for the thousand-year-old inferior social position of the
female sex is not to be sought in the statutory legislation “made by men”, but
rather in the property relations determined by economic conditions’.
Accordingly, women’s liberation could only be fully achieved once private
ownership of economic property was abolished.
Capitalism – the Enemy
She therefore had no time for ‘bourgeois’ feminists
who wanted equal property rights, or those who regarded men as the ‘enemy’
rather than the capitalist class. At the same time, she insisted that the
socialist movement and the trade unions should recruit women into their ranks
and fight for their economic, social and political interests as for those of
male workers.
With women banned from membership of political
parties, Zetkin carried out her open political activities among women workers
and the trade unions. Experience modified her ‘anti-separatist’ stance to the
extent that, at the SPD congress in 1896, she backed women-only policies to extend
the electoral franchise and protect working mothers. At the end of the decade,
she married artist Georg Zundel, their relationship coming under increasing
strain until divorce in 1927.
As the circulation of Die Gleichheit more than
quadrupled to 67,000, the SPD placed Zetkin in charge of a women’s bureau to
prepare for the repeal of the membership ban which took place in 1908. With her
close friend and comrade Rosa Luxemburg, she also helped organise the first
International Socialist Women’s Conference
in 1907, becoming secretary of the International Women’s Bureau which
adopted Die Gleichheit as its official organ.
Clara Proposes International Women’s Day
At the second conference, in Copenhagen in 1910,
Clara Zetkin proposed that March 8 become International Women’s Day in the way
that the Socialist International had made May 1 International Workers Day. She
had been inspired, at least in part, by militant demonstrations organised by
working class women across the USA.
Within the socialist movement, she joined Rosa
Luxemburg in refuting attempts by Eduard Bernstein to dilute Marxism, attacking
his view that state power would be achieved by the working class through
collaboration with bourgeois politicians and gradual reforms in parliament.
From the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, she stood
with Luxemburg and the SPD minority to uphold the policy of the Socialist
International, namely, that a war between rival imperialisms should be stopped
by working class action against its own country’s ruling class. Zetkin wrote to
the left-wing press in Britain explaining how this principled approach had been
abandoned by the majority leadership of her party, who had thereby contributed
to the collapse of the Socialist International.
She organised an international anti-war conference of
socialist women in Berne in 1915. The following year she helped found the
Spartacus League which then went into the Independent Social Democratic Party
(USPD), a breakaway from the SPD in 1917. Like her counterparts in Britain, she
was harassed and arrested by state authorities as the result of her anti-war
agitation.
In November 1918, beginning with a naval mutiny,
revolution broke out across Germany against the monarchy, the militarist
landowners and their warmongering government. The Spartacus League and shop
stewards committees urged workers to revolt as armed workers and soldiers
councils began to form in many towns and cities. A provisional council of
workers, soldiers and peasants proclaimed the Bavarian Socialist Republic. In
Berlin, the SPD and USPD announced the formation of a new national government
based upon a Council of People’s Deputies.
Anti-War and for the Workers
But the SPD leaders had placed themselves at the head
of the revolutionary movement in order to limit it and divert it into a new
National Assembly. Zetkin, Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht warned that ‘bourgeois
democracy is false democracy’. At the turn of the year, in the midst of the
storm, the Spartacus League helped found the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
In January, the SPD-led government used the armed
forces, police and irregular forces backed by monopolists and monarchists to
crush the revolutionaries in Berlin, killing Luxemburg and Liebknecht in cold
blood. Months of strikes, pitched battles and assassinations of KPD leaders
ensued, with Zetkin emphasising the central importance of the working class
exercising power through its own councils, and using it to ‘socialise’
capitalist economic property.
However, she acknowledged that the defeat of the
Bavarian Soviet Republic in April 1919 represented the culmination of the fight
for state power between the working class and the bourgeoisie, at least for the
time being.
In 1920, she was elected to the German Reichstag
(‘Parliament’). Her maiden speech comprised an appeal to German workers to act
in solidarity with a Soviet Russia ‘building socialism in the greatest
difficulties’, urging them to block arms supplies to the Polish invaders.
Dockers and railway workers responded to her call, sparking a general strike
movement against imperialist intervention in Soviet Russia.
Yet Zetkin did not over-react to Social-Democratic
treachery by turning too far to the left. She supported the ‘Open Letter’
appeal for a united front of working class and left organisations to defend the
immediate interests of the working class. Forced to resign temporarily from the
KPD leadership, she opposed the ultra-left ‘theory of the offensive’ which
sought to justify ill-advised Communist-led insurrections.
Working with Lenin
She shared this standpoint with Lenin, with whom she
worked closely in the Communist International established in 1919. Zetkin was
elected to its ruling Presidium in 1921.
It was in Moscow that she had several long
conversations with Lenin about marriage, sexual freedom and promiscuity (the
’emancipation of love’), organising women within the Communist Party, the
relationship between women’s liberation and the struggle for communism and
related issues. They did not always agree completely, and ‘My Recollections of
Lenin’ from Clara’s ‘Memorandum Book’ stands as a lucid, fascinating insight
into the Soviet leader’s thoughts and ideas.
In the KPD and the international Communist movement
she opposed all kinds of ultra-leftism: whether the Trotskyist thesis that the
Soviet Union did not contain all necessary and sufficient means to construct a
socialist society; or, in 1926, that part of the Communist International’s
‘Third Period’ thesis which characterised social-democracy as ‘social fascism’.
Acts Against Fascism
Although Clara was heavily involved in International
Red Aid, the Comintern’s agency to help victims of political repression, her
health was failing. Towards the end of the 1920s, she spent long periods
receiving treatment and care in the Soviet Union.
In July 1932, the Nazis emerged from elections as
Germany’s largest parliamentary party. During the month-long election campaign,
38 Nazis and 30 Communists had died in street clashes between the two parties.
When the new Reichstag convened on August 30, it fell
to its oldest member to open the session. Arriving in Berlin from Moscow, Clara
told the press she had returned to ‘do my duty in strict accordance with the
rules of antiquated parliamentarianism, because it is my duty to the
proletariat’.
Fearless Till the End
Nearly blind, she was stretchered by her Communist
bodyguards into a Reichstag surrounded by thousands of baying Stormtroopers.
Carried to the chair by two of her women comrades as
Communist deputies chanted ‘Red Front!’, Zetkin rang the hand-bell and
commenced a 45-minute denunciation of President von Hindenberg.
He had allowed power to pass from parliament to his
appointed Cabinet which was ‘the servant of trust and monopoly capital and of
the agrarians [landowners] and whose motive force is represented by Reichswehr
Generals’. He should be impeached or overthrown.
She called for a ‘united front to turn back fascism’
and declared that the best means to overcome the economic crisis and Germany’s
domestic and foreign problems was by proletarian revolution.
‘I hope to live to see the day when, as senior
member, I can open the first workers’ and peasants’ congress of Soviet
Germany’, she concluded.
According to Time magazine, ‘pain and fatigue made
perspiration pour down the sunken cheeks of Clara Zetkin but her old eyes
flashed’.
The Reichstag then went on to elect the Nazi Hermann
Goering as Speaker and, five months later to the day, the power concentrated in
the Cabinet fell into the hands of the next appointed Chancellor, Adolf Hitler.
A Medal of Honour
On June 20, 1933, Clara Zetkin died in exile in
Archangelskoye near Moscow, just short of 76 years old. She was buried next to
the Kremlin Wall with full state and political honours.
No comments:
Post a Comment